THE IMPACT OF IMMUNISATION IN PREVENTING AND REGULATING AVIAN INFLUENZA IN POULTRY

Abstract

Avian influenza (AI), caused by influenza A viruses, remains a significant challenge to both the poultry industry and global public health. The rapid transmission and potential for mutation of the virus complicate efforts to control outbreaks. Immunization has become one of the most effective methods for managing AI in poultry, helping to reduce the frequency of outbreaks and the severity of infections. This review examines the role of immunization in preventing and regulating avian influenza, focusing on vaccine types, effectiveness, and the challenges associated with their implementation.Inactivated vaccines have played a pivotal role in AI control, offering considerable protection against circulating strains in poultry populations. These vaccines trigger robust immune responses, reduce viral load, prevent severe disease, and limit viral transmission among birds. However, challenges persist, including the emergence of new viral strains, incomplete cross-protection between vaccines and circulating strains, and variability in vaccine efficacy across poultry breeds. Successful vaccination programs require a strong infrastructure for proper administration, surveillance, and monitoring. Recent innovations, such as recombinant technology and adjuvants, are expanding the range of protection, addressing some of these challenges. Despite these advancements, obstacles like high costs, regulatory issues, and concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy continue to hinder widespread adoption. The success of immunization strategies depends on an integrated approach that combines vaccination with biosecurity measures and continuous surveillance to detect emerging strains.In conclusion, effective management of AI outbreaks requires coordinated strategies that integrate vaccination, biosecurity, surveillance, and international cooperation. Ongoing research into improved vaccine formulations and management practices will be essential in reducing AI’s impact on the poultry industry and minimizing risks to human health.